Here is something for both ya guys Napkin and Guru and others.
Say you raise KQ suited 4x and get a average of 5 callers. Blinds are 50/100. True for both Tournament, Cash game. Say you do this 100 times per session. Say you hit flop 50 times(50%), say you win 25 times out of those 50 times that hit flop(sometimes you get outflopped, or bluffed out, lose). Say you bluff out, win 15 out of the 50 times you miss. So say you have 40 wins on average total(25+15), postflop. Say 10 times, 10 out of 100 times you raise, everyone folds, and pick up blinds, for winning either 1000 dollars or 1000 tournament chips.
So here your totals, winnings, assuming you dont win a big all in or lose a all in, and only win the blinds, plus what the callers called preflop.
5 callers per hand is 500 and 100 hands is 100,000. 25 wins out of 50 hit flops is 25000. 15 wins due to 15 bluff times out of the 50 times flop missed, is 15000. 1000 for the everyone folding preflop 10 times out of the 100 times. 4x raise 400 x 10 is 4000 x 10(10 x 10 = 100) is40000. Profit is 1000
So minimum profit is 1000. And that doesn’t count winning big pot and all ins. And doesn’t count losing big pots, all ins.
And if bluff 5 to 7 to 10 more times for 20 to 25 bluffs out of the 50 times you miss then profit increase up from 1000 to 5000 to 7000 to 10000 profit. And if win 5 more times when hit flop that’s 5000 more profit. And if get folds just 5 more times preflop, that 500 more profit.
So thats 15,500 more profit for 16,500 total NET profit, if very slightly more successful, do what you should do, etc, for a investment of 40,000.
The takeaway? Raising to 4,4.5,5 x preflop is profitable on average and more profitable then limping on average, etc, assuming you play right
You don’t want to raise to 9x to 10x to 13x+ most times you raise because even tho that would technically increase your profit according to the above example, your bloating the pot to high, so that losses will bust you before can get, realize equity, win, etc, on average.
Limiting size of pot via limiting size of pot pot control via raising, betting, checking when your supposed to and proper betsizing, raise sizing, depending on situation, is very important. That’s why 9x to 17x preflop is bad unless have a situational good reason, and unless the situation calls for it.
So if everyone calls your raises despite going 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 7.5x, then dont respond by going to 9x to 17x. Just adapt by polishing your postflop, and play good postflop, and you will still be profitable over the long term, as the above example shows.
And its not just theory. I have had to deal with way to many callers in even 500k, 1mil buy in tournaments. And over the long term, its still profitable for me, as I play better postflop then some to a semi lot to semi most of my competition in those tournaments.
I have tried to adapt by going 9x to 17x, and when I have done that, its been extremely volatile, high variance, and about 50/50 EV for upper lower to lower mid to lower higher parts of my range, marginal to semi between marginal to semi premium hands, and only becomes worthwhile for 88 to AA, AT suited, AJ suited, AQ suited, AK suited, KQ suited, unless its a semi bluff, raising lighter to balance range, short stacked, situation calls for it, etc(22 to 77, A2 suited to A9, K8 suited to KJ, Q9 suited to QJ, JT suited, etc)(but that’s the exception, rare, uncommon, occasional, etc)
So its usually best for me and almost everyone to stick to 3.5x to 7.5x depending on limp ins, situations, and as exceptions, go 2.5 x late tournament, bubble, final table, blinds big, and go 9x to 17x if a rare situation calls for it.
Then adjust both preflop and postflop if get a lot of callers that call too much.
That works for me over the long term, and that will probably work for you and work for almost everyone assuming that you, everyone play right.